A New Explanation of the Mechanism of Korean room temperature and ambientpressur

A New Explanation of the Mechanismof Korean room temperature and ambientpressure superconducting materials

── Biological superconducting mechanism links the firstroom temperature andambient pressure superconductivity

Dekui Wang1，Binggong Chang2

1. Mianyang Daily, Sichuan, China

2. SUNY Downstate Medical Center

Abstract:A team of Koreanresearchers say they have discovered the world's first room-temperaturesuperconductivity, a mechanism of room-temperature Tc discussed in terms of theone-dimensional BR-BCS theory. What is the most basic principle of"superconductivity" here? The famous "BCS theory" is atheory of the basic principle of "superconductivity", but it is basedon the principle of electron pair theory (BCS is the pair of electrons withspin reversed parallel pairing), is there a more basic principle that includesit?

Keywords: superconductors, room temperature ambientpressure, electron pairs, BCS theory, hexagonal structure

[0, Introduction]

On July 31, 2023, Professor Sinéad Griffin, aresearcher in nanostructured materials theory at the Lawrence Berkeley NationalLaboratory (LBNL), one of the top laboratories in the United States, publishedan article stating that calculations using density-functional theory (DFT) andthe GGA+U method could provide a theoretical basis for the South Korean team'sso-called "room-temperature normal-pressure superconductingmaterials" of July 22, giving new direction to the study of superconductingmaterials. "room-temperature ambient pressure superconductingmaterials", providing a new direction and inspiration for the research ofsuperconducting materials. Then, how about further linking the firstroom-temperature ambient pressure superconductor phenomenon discovered by theKorean team with a similar biological superconducting mechanism?

[1. American Principles Statement]

Let's first look at Professor Griffin's researchreport published on the preprinted arXiv website. Professor Griffin said: SouthKorea's unconfirmed potential superconducting material is named"LK-99", which is made of lead ( Pb) Apatite (P) has a slightlymodified hexagonal structure, and a small amount of copper (Cu) has been addedto allow it to exhibit superconductivity below 127 degrees Celsius.

"Hexagonal structure", which canactually resemble an orthocubic hexahedron or an oblique cubic hexahedron.

Prof. Griffin's team responded to this discoveryby exploring the effect of copper substituting for lead positions in leadphosphate minerals on the properties of superconductivity. The results showthat an isolated, exceptionally flat copper d-band is formed when copperreplaces lead at a specific location, and unlike other related d-bandsuperconductors, the copper d-band in this system is so flat that there isvirtually no bandwidth broadening with neighboring oxygen ions.

Why is the copper d-band very flat? If theprevious assumptions about the flatness of the band, driving superconductivity,are correct, then there is a more stable (higher temperature) superconductingphase in this system, even more so than in established high temperaturesuperconductor systems.

What is a "stable superconductingphase"? Because Prof. Griffin's team also found that there is a preferencefor the exchange interactions of copper in different cells. This result isbased on the assumption, albeit somewhat unrealistic, that copper ions are inthe same substitution position in each cell.

Why does copper have a preference for differentcells? What is this "preference"?

The experimental results also revealed thatcopper (Cu) substitution of lead (Pb) at other positions (Pb(2) sites) does notappear to have such properties, highlighting the synthetic challenges of havingcopper substituted at the appropriate sites to obtain superconducting samples,said Prof. Griffin. This study provides important clues to understanding thesuperconducting properties in copper (Cu)-substituted phosphorus (P)-acid lead(Pb) minerals and provides an impetus for further research into thesuperconducting properties of such materials.

Professor Griffin, who studied the Korean team'sLK-99 material at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory in the US, saidthat it is indeed possible to have "room temperature superconductivity"at a theoretical level. However, it requires copper (Cu) to penetrate intospecific locations in the molecule in order to achieve superconductivity. Thismeans that the material would be difficult to synthesize and prepare inreality.

[2.One of the firstroom temperature superconductivity studiesin Korea]

Among the members of the Korean research team isHyun-Tak Kim, a professor in the physics department of the College of Williamand Mary in the United States, who is taking part in the research. In responseto a reporter, he said that the LK-99 room-temperature superconducting materialmade by the South Korean team could be replicated within a month, and that itsmembers would be available to mentor anyone who had trouble making LK-99. Ifsomeone, can break through room-temperature atmospheric superconductivity andeventually commercialize it, its immense value is likely to start the fourthindustrial revolution.

A team of Korean researchers has posted a totalof two papers claiming the discovery of room-temperature superconductors atatmospheric pressure on the arXiv platform, a preprint site. The abstract ofone of the papers reads, We have successfully synthesized for the first time inthe world a room-temperature superconductor (Tc over 400 K, 127 oC)operating at atmospheric pressure with the structure of modified lead apatite(LK-99). The superconductivity of LK-99 is demonstrated by critical temperature(Tc), zero resistivity, critical current (Ic), critical magnetic field (Hc) andMeissner effect.

The superconductivity of LK-99 originates from aslight volume shrinkage (0.48%), resulting in minor structural deformations,rather than from external factors such as temperature and pressure. Theshrinkage is caused by the substitution of Cu2+ for Pb2+(2) ions in the Pb(2)insulating network and generates stress. It is also transferred to the Pb(1) ofthe cylindrical column, leading to the deformation of the cylindrical columninterface and the formation of a superconducting quantum well (SQW) at theinterface. The "contraction" mentioned above is actually related tothe Casimir effect mechanism.

The unique structure of LK-99, which allows tinytwisted structures to be maintained in the interface, is the most importantfactor in LK-99's ability to maintain and display superconductivity at roomtemperature and ambient pressure.

The abstract of paper bis is that a materialnamed LK-99, a modified lead apatite crystal structure with the compositionPb10-xCux(PO4)6O (0.9<x<1.1), has been synthesized using solid-statemethods. The material shows the ohmic-metallic properties of Pb(6s1) above thesuperconducting critical temperature Tc, and the levitation phenomenon of theMeissner effect of superconductors at room temperature and atmospheric pressurebelow Tc. The Tc of the LK-99 sample exceeds 126.85°C (400 K).

The analysis here suggests that the possibilityof room-temperature superconductivity in this material is attributed to twomain factors: first, the volume contraction due to the insulator-metal transitionthrough the substitution of copper, for lead. The second is the enhancedon-site repulsive Coulomb interactions due to superconducting condensation atTc and deformation of the structure of the one-dimensional (D) chain(Pb2-O1/2-Pb2 along the c-axis). The paper is a discussion of the mechanism atroom temperature Tc, using the one-dimensional BR-BCS theory.

What is the most basic principle of"superconductivity"? The famous "BCS theory" is a theory ofthe basic principle of "superconductivity", but it is based on theprinciple of electron pair theory (BCS is the parallel pairing of electronpairs with opposite spins), is there a more basic principle that includes it?

[3. Korea'sFirst RoomTemperature Superconductivity Research II]

"IT Home"network reported on July 31, 2023, July 22, ateam of South Korean scientists announced that they have discovered the world'sfirst room temperature superconducting material ── "modified leadapatite crystal structure (LK-99)", in causing a global physics sensation,but also attracted questions from the industry.

According to the video, the levitation of theLK-99 sample is not perfect, with one side still appearing to be in contactwith the magnet. Asked why the sample was "imperfect," Prof. Hyun-TakKim said, "We are showing a video of the Meissner effect in a part of thesample, which is the evidence we found for the room-temperaturesuperconductivity of LK-99. From now on, we have to create samples that triggerthe Meissner effect 100% of the time." Some industry insiders believe thatthere are major inconsistencies in the two papers published by the Korean teamon arXiv.

In response, Prof. Hyun-Tak Kim said, "Thisis a good challenge. In fact, we found an error in the second paper before: oneof the multipliers was inadvertently omitted when combining the two datatogether. So one of the data in this paper was wrong. Now we have uploaded therevised version to arVix. the revised paper will be available toeveryone". But at present, the industry has not been successful inreproducing the South Korean team's experiments, but the "IT House"noted that there are a number of experts on the team's paper to question.

Professor Hong Zhiyong, director of the ShanghaiSuperconducting Materials and Systems Engineering Research Center and an expertin superconductivity application research, said, "The superconductorsannounced by the South Korean team are not room-temperature superconductorswith great probability," Caixin reported. According to the existing situationthe test means and methods reported by their team are not very orthodoxexperiments to verify superconducting materials. The experimental conditionspreviously published by Diaz's team were limited to 10,000 atmospheres, and theauthenticity of the data was questioned because the data presented was too 'perfect'. But this time the Korean team is the opposite,they reported that the synthesis method of the material is very clear andsimple, but the test method and the form of data presentation, as well as thedegree of rigor of the data is very rough, and more and internationallyrecognized test methods to verify the superconducting properties of some of thegap is very large".

Prof. Hong Zhiyong added: "From the datapresented so far, they are still only through the synthesis andcross-referencing, in the lead apatite compounds, which should not have obviouselectromagnetic properties, were found to have a certain degree of electricalconductivity and weak antimagnetism at room temperature, but this electrical conductivityis still weaker than that of metallic conductors such as copper, silver, and soon, which is an interesting physical phenomenon, but the experimental resultsare still far away from proving that the samples are Superconductor, or thatthe sample contains superconducting components, is still far from."According to another surging news report, Professor Wen Haihu of the School ofPhysics, Nanjing University, said in an interview, "We carefully analyzedtheir data, from the three aspects of resistance, magnetization and magneticlevitation, are not enough to show that it is a superconducting material. Wejudged that the so-called superconductivity is most likely an illusion. Forrepeating the experiment, none of us wanted to do it. Later on, a student wasalso sent to work on it."

[4.Bio-superconductivitylinked to room temperature atmospheric pressure superconductivity]

Even if the room temperature atmospheric pressuresuperconducting material discovered in Korea is true, there is nothing to besurprised about. Because biological superconductivity, itself, is a phenomenonthat can manifest itself at room temperature and normal pressure.

In the early 1980s, the American biochemist James MacArthur made amolecular biochip, thus confirming that atroom temperature, the flow of electrons in the biochip and other atoms orelectrons collide with the opportunity is very small, almost does not produceresistance, so there is no heating phenomenon of the circuit, the consumptionof energy is extremely small, and its switching speed can be comparable to theJosephson computer, reaching 10－6 seconds, almost close to the speed of light ── This is what the scientific community calls thephenomenon of biological superconductivity.

And as a biological superconducting materialin the nerve fiber, mainly composed of DNA. Its superconducting mechanism isnow a macroscopic quantum phenomenon to look at the DNA molecular structure,similar to the double armchair spiral staircase of each lattice box is a quadrilateralstructure, which is with the face spin, line spin motion, transposon of theoptimal grid image is a quadrilateral there is no connection? Can it beunderstood in this way: electric and magnetic phenomena are macroscopicmanifestations of the quantum phenomena of face spin and line spin in the spaceof matter; and the optimal grid image of the transposon for face spin and linespin motions is a quadrilateral, because from the demonstration model of facespin and line spin of a circle-like body transposon it is evident that if thegrid pattern of the transposon is not a quadrilateral, it will bring aboutgreater obstruction in the motions.

For example, if it is a circle or otherpolygons, although they can also make surface spinning and line spinningmotions, the gaps they leave behind, the resistance and collision that existsin the polygonal polygon, as well as the fact that they cannot naturallytransition according to the size required by the inner and outer annular gridsin the course of the motions, will all impact the orderly degree of themotions.The space of the DNA lattice, although it can not be said to be movingas a rotating pedestal, the four edges of the DNA lattice, as the currentsurfaces, can be viewed as to be in nontrivial line-spinning motion. Therefore,no matter how complicated the mechanism of biological superconductivity is, inconnection with the mathematical principles revealed by the dynamical analysisof three-rotation motifs, one thing is at least certain, that is, the nontrivialline-spin structure in DNA crystals of room-temperature atmospheric-pressurebiosuperconducting materials is the most important prerequisite for themacroscopic quantum mechanism of biosuperconductivity.

Many scientists also believe that copper oxide superconductors maynever reach the goal of being able to operate at near room temperature, butcertain organic compounds may have a better chance. This is exactly what themechanism of three-spin biological superconductivity predicts. If one associatesDNA with the three-spin image, right-handed DNA corresponds exactly toright-slanted nontrivial line spins; left-handed DNA corresponds exactly toleft-slanted nontrivial line spins. Secondly the graphical changes in themovement of the three-spin motifs can also be linked to the double helixstructure of plane base pairs one after another, which can be transposedthrough a variety of pathways interacting with other molecules in the cell.However, there is still a long way to go tolearn the most basic principle of superconductivity, the famous "BCStheory", which is the unification of biological superconductivitywith the superconductivity mechanism of "modifiedlead apatite crystals".

[5. From Onnes to Cooper on the theory ofsuperconductivity]

a. Mystery of Onnes

In 1914, Onnes did an experiment to open upthe precedent of superconductivity: he will lead wire into a closed circle,placed in a magnetic field, so that the direction of the magnetic field isperpendicular to the circular plane of the ring, and then let the lead ringimmersed in liquid helium to cool down, when the coil enters thesuperconducting state, remove the external magnetic field, which is in theclosed superconducting coil in the sense of an induced electric current.

Since the superconducting resistance waszero, could this current be maintained for a long time? Later, someone re-didthis experiment in a more refined way, using a magnetically strong needleplaced in the center of a lead ring, and proved that the current in the coilwas not found to decay in the slightest way after several years. The extremelylow temperature and the rotation of the loop current with the magnetic lines offorce out of the south pole and in from the north pole are typical of thephenomenon of three-spin space.

That is, the triple-spin quantum number,where the body-spin corresponds to the temperature, the surface-spin to theelectric current, and the line-spin to the magnetic field. Triple spin is aninherent property of matter in the microscopic realm, but no one in the"scientific and technological community" has made any connection tothis hidden order since Onis 109. Considering superconductivity as a phenomenonof soft matter analogous to granular matter, there is a way to relate it to thetheory of triple spins, for example, by drawing a grid of longitudinal andlatitudinal lines on a torus-like body, which we call a transposon. That is,the class circle body is divided into ring segments, ring segments and dividedinto grids, made a kind of magic like the magic way of the magic ring device;of course, this grid can be large or small, any take a grid or a point can bein the class circle body or with the class circle body, around the centercircle line in the class circle body is composed of the center of the circle ofthe axis of the rotation, or around the center circle line rotation. In theclass circle body, if this "particulate matter" similar to the gridand the point block is called the transposer, this transposer type particulatematter is also both similar to the solid, flow and like liquid, gas, and thereis a group effect of the movement, as well as the shape of the grid pattern andthe layout of the pattern is regular.

Generally speaking, the lattice for ordinaryline spins is square, and the lattice for extraordinary line spins isprismatic. If the motion of the transposon group effect is set up to square andprismatic respectively, the two kinds of transposon lattice, such as square,both left and right movement and up and down movement; such as prismatic, butcan not be, because of this vertical and horizontal movement will be the tip tothe tip, the two oblique edges of the pressure at the same time, can not beneatly movement down, only for oblique movement. But it is not correct to saythat a square carousel pattern must move in a plain line rotation, and aprismatic carousel pattern must move in an uneven line rotation. The reason isthat it is the number of wraps, i.e., the number of consecutive edges of thediagonal mesh that are at least one closed line around the ring, that iscrucial in distinguishing a plain line spin from an uneven line spin.

Generally speaking, the square mesh block isparallel to the side of the center circle line in the class circle, can onlymake ordinary line spin, also can make face spin alone. Prismatic mesh block orsquare is diagonally arranged, whether it is for non-trivial line spin, we haveto check whether there is a number of circles; but one thing is certain, theycan not be alone for the surface spin, its surface spin is combined with theline spin. This locking of the lattice shape and pendulum determines that thetransposon motion is faceted, which is linked to the fact thatsuperconductivity does not depend very much on the three-dimensional couplingbetween the superconducting thin layers, and expresses a more obvioustwo-dimensional mechanism.

Second, just as playing hula hoops can moveup and down the body, the three-spin image also illustrates this stricttwo-dimensional restriction in that for an electron pair of such smallthree-spin loops, in the presence of line-spinning streamers crossing theplanes and at temperatures as low as Tc or below, it can also tunnel coherentlyfrom one planar plane to the other through the Josephson effect, whereas itcannot do so for a single electron.

Based on the above study that the optimalnetwork for a three-rotation motif is square or prismatic, the search forroom-temperature atmospheric-pressure superconductors should begin withmaterials in the class of hierarchical rhombohedral lattices, since theyapproach an ideal macroscopic quantum effect. If the current is passing throughsuch crystalline surfaces, then when connected to an external circuit, itconstitutes a loop state, and the formation of nontrivial line spins is easy onthis circuit of matter. The nontrivial line spins have combined the face andline spins, and this is shown precisely by the macroscopic quantum phenomena ofelectricity and magnetism. The second body spin, roughly speaking, is aflipping, which is connected with macroscopic temperature effects; the higherthe temperature, the greater the collision and flipping, which is not conduciveto the coherence and coordination of electron pairs. So room temperatureatmospheric superconductivity from the macroscopic point of view, to choose thelattice is not conducive to flipping.

The triangular network is not as orderly asthe square motion on the face and line spins has been ruled out, and the squareis not easy to turn over because it has the least rounding compared with othersquare polygons, so from the macroscopic mathematical analysis of the threespins, the layered rhombohedral crystal dominates for this type ofsuperconductivity.

B. The Cooper electron pair mystery

Cooper in 1956 in exploring themicro-mechanism of superconductivity, considered such a problem: a filled Fermisea, plus two electrons, the electrons have an attractive force, the minimumintrinsic energy of the electron system and the corresponding eigenstates.Calculations show that the minimum intrinsic energy is less than the minimumintrinsic energy when they are free, i.e., the two electrons form some kind ofbound state.

Relative to this bound state, the originallyfree case is precisely an excited state, or the destruction of this electronpair produces a meta-excitation of the system, and the energy differencebetween the two is providing the energy gap. And the eigenstates of this boundare a pair of electrons with momentum k and spin direction s and momentum -k andspin direction -s. Such a pair of electrons has been called a Cooper pair.

As Cooper considered two electrons and allhave filled the Fermi sea, in this two-body problem, since the two externallyadded electrons will be paired to form energetically favorable bound states;then the electrons in the vicinity of the Fermi surface can also be excited tothe outside of the Fermi surface, paired and form energetically favorable boundstates, in this case, the whole Fermi surface is unstable, and should be consideredin the vicinity of the Fermi surface of the two sides of the energy isequivalent to the most In 1957, Bardeen, Cooper, and Schrijver, based onCooper's two-body problem, considered the problem of multi-electron systems,and finally proposed a successful theory explaining the micro-mechanism ofsuperconductivity, which is the famous BCS theory (Bakusch's theory).

In this theory, the Hamiltonian quantity ofthe system consists of two parts. One part depicts the free motion of theelectrons, and the other part depicts the interactions that cause the electronsto mate into Cooper pairs. The electronic system in the superconducting stateis in a sense an open system, it is only a portion of the electrons near theFermi surface, and since the number of pairs of electrons is not fixed, orrather the number of electrons is indefinite, the superconducting ground stateshould be the state consisting of the superposition of the unpaired electronswith the state having an arbitrarily possible Cooper pair.

But Korea's "modified lead apatite crystal"superconductivity mechanism, and BCSelectron pairing mechanism is different, they can be unified? Due to theexistence of strong interatomic proximity exclusion, the two particlesconstituting the bound pair of relative orbital motion in the non-zero l = 1state, the energy is favorable, in order to ensure that the fermionicwavefunction exchange anti-symmetric, the spin part of the wavefunction must besymmetric, i.e., the spin is a parallel pairing (BCS is a spin-antiparallelpairing) of. Ring Quantum Triple Spin and Superconductivity Room TemperatureAtmospheric Pressure Theoretical Connection Superconducting rings, first andforemost, are ring quanta present in microscopic matter.

For example, contemporary superstring theoryfinally recognizes that all elementary particles, such as electrons, quarks,etc., are one-dimensional extended bodies, not point-like bodies as assumed intraditional physics, and that they are either in the form of rings or lines,always vibrating and colliding; and that different forms of vibration andcollision determine the properties of the string, such as charge and spin, andso on, and that is, the elementary particles corresponding to the string.

The endowed triple spins belong to microscopicquantum phenomena, where there is a very deep and organic connection betweenthe mass of the particle and the rotational moment of the particle. Forexample, a typical three-spin picture is that the body spin corresponds totemperature, the surface spin to current, and the line spin to magnetic field.Further using the three-spin picture to recognize the unified mechanism of thelattice morphology and transitions of superconducting materials from lowtemperature to room temperature and atmospheric pressure, and from inorganic toorganic, the carrier pairs (electron pairs or hole pairs) are by their nature akind of small triple-spin ring, and it is the large triple-spin ring in thelattice that leads to the carrier pairing. This is analogous to playing thegame of flying rings, which fly out and back, with spin and throwing forces.The electron pair is actually the small three-spin loop that is formed, and thephonons are the prime mover that creates it and throws it ── This is the case for low temperature superconductivity.

The case of room-temperature atmosphericsuperconductivity is much more complex, is there something else that causes theelectrons to pair up, forming many of the current new theoretical directions?But no one in the "scientific and technological community" sinceCooper '67 has contacted the superconducting "holographic bricks"similar to the "hexagonalstructure" of the hiddenorder.

For example, the "breathing" imagein the soft phonon model is a typical isolated line spin: the oxygen atomsaround the copper atoms in the lattice move in and out of the latticeregularly, and as the temperature decreases, the "breathing" becomesgentle, and the oscillations stop at a certain temperature; the resulting"frozen" phonons cause the electrons to couple strongly, thus showinga higher transition temperature. The resulting "frozen" phononsstrongly couple the electrons, resulting in a higher transition temperature.

Another example is the exciton model, theexciton is an electron into a higher energy state caused by the hole circle,and then move back to the low-energy state, that is, the electron will beneighboring electrons to repel away from a "polarization cloud"circle, the second electron due to the polarization of the cloud circle andreduce the energy and the formation of electron pairs with the first electron.Some also envision the virtual particle of a "magnetic oscillator"causing electrons to attract each other. Some also envision strong coupling ofelectrons occurring on the basis of antiferromagnetic spin up and down. Someeven envision a pair of fermions and a pair of bosons, each of them separatedfrom the two halons can also form a boson, the nature of which is betweenfermions and bosons, and these halons can produce bosonic condensation circlesunder specific conditions, resulting in the emergence of superconductivity, andso on. However, the three-spin image can communicate with all of them and givea complete and natural explanation for many superconductivity puzzles.

A triple spin is a two-group Shimei structurein the sense that it contains a ring-like structure. Since the torus is not thesame as the sphere, a physical semantics should be specified for the spin.Spin: there is a fixed axis or turning point, can organize the rotation surfaceat the same time, and can be found in the rotation surface at the same timesymmetric moving point and trajectory overlap of the rotation; spin: there is afixed axis or turning point, but can not be organized at the same time therotating surface, can not find at the same time symmetric moving point orsymmetric point of the rotating surface or a symmetric moving point of therotation of the trajectory also does not overlap; rotate: there is no fixedaxis or turning point, can not be organized at the same time the rotatingsurface, and not at the same time symmetric moving point, but trajectorysymmetric moving points, but the trajectory is a closed line of rotation.

The definition of spin is that there shouldbe three kinds of spin for a torus-like structure, surface spin: rotation ofthe torus-like body around an axis perpendicular to the surface of the torus;body spin: rotation of the torus-like body around an axis within the surface ofthe torus; and line spin: rotation of the torus-like body around the line ofthe center circle within the body. The three-spin picture gives a new proofthat "the whole is not the same as the parts" and challengescontemporary holism by not making a geometrical distinction between the torusand the sphere.

Because of the three-spin at least two ormore symmetrical motion and the direction of the opposite moving point, whichis the same momentum and two electrons with opposite spins are attracted toeach other, the formation of bound electron pairs to do the overall motionsimilar. However, this electron pair movement is still only a small three-spincircle, is the formation of superconductivity is a necessary condition, not asufficient condition. From the electromagnetic wave absorption experimentproved that the electronic energy spectrum of superconductors has an energygap, according to the BCS theory, its superconducting ground state can beexpressed as a Hamiltonian function.

In room-temperature atmospheric pressuresuperconductivity, the electrons are structured not by attraction but by theirbeing pushed together by other electrons to form superconductivity; startingfrom the Hamiltonian function of the Hubbard ferromagnetic model of finitepotentials with repulsion, the superconducting energy-gap equations, which arevery similar to those of the BCS theory, are finally derived. The mechanism forthe lattice morphology of room-temperature atmospheric pressuresuperconductivity is that the search for room-temperature atmospheric pressuresuperconductivity should firstly pay attention to materials in the class oflaminar rhombohedral lattices, based on the previous study that the optimallattice for a three-rotation motif is square or prismatic. However, this doesnot exclude lattices of other shapes, such as prismatic octahedra.

Secondly, the etched surface of the metaltypically shows a lot of grains piled up with each other in the chaotic scene,but why does not prevent the metal conductive? This is because the metalconducts electricity, is the result of directional movement of free electronsin the metal; free electrons directional movement, from time to time and in thelattice on the interaction of positive ions and collisions, and free electronsto be hindered by the lattice scattering effect, resulting in resistance; whenthe temperature is lowered to below the critical temperature, the indirectforce between the electrons to overcome the Coulomb repulsion, so that themomentum and the direction of the opposite spin of the The two electrons form aCooper electron pair circle, which facilitates the transition of the object toa superconducting state.

And grains are the natural result of crystalgrowth. Each grain is a crystal of individual, orderly arranged atoms, and asthe metal solidifies, the many tiny crystals that form inside the liquid beginto grow until each crystal crushes into its neighboring crystals.

It is the intricate interplay of physicalforces and geometrical filling space requirements that defines the final graininterface. This is another macroscopic quantum phenomenon, if the grain isregarded as a quantum class circle, the temperature decreases, not only for thebody spin weakened, but also the circle of the body of the spoke vibration isalso weakened. In fact, at low temperatures, the lattice of the metal will alsochange, such as white tin into powdered gray tin when super-cold. Class ringbody body spin weakened, but also reduces the resistance to the movement offree electrons.

[6.Harmonization ofelectron pair andCasimir plate pair effects]

For proposing the BCS theory, Bardeen, Cooper,and Schrijver were jointly awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1972. Thetheory is considered one of the most important contributions to theoreticalphysics since the development of quantum theory. Forone thing, the BCS theory suggests that in superconductors the attractionprovided by the interaction of electrons and lattice vibrations (phonons)outweighs the Coulomb repulsion between the electrons, so that two electronswith energies and spins of the same magnitude and in opposite directions form abound pair of electrons. Here, even if the electron pair is considered to besimilar to a small ring and surface spin, but like a fly-away mold, phonons andCoulomb repulsive forces are concentrated in the "fly-away" on the"can be" scattered "to become a superconducting solitary wave inthe lattice of the flow.

However, the BCStheory of electron pairs, only with the "fly awaydevice" such as the pair of solitary wave explanation is also still notenough. That is, in 1986, Bernolds and Müllerdiscovered 35K superconducting perylene-barium-copper-oxygen system, followedby the discovery of new superconductorscovering copper-oxygencompounds,fullerenes, iron-based and organic superconductors and othersuperconducting systems, the BCStheory of the electron-pair explanation seems to be difficult to deal with. Itis not that the BCS theory of electron pairs is wrong, and does not extend to contact superconducting "holographicbricks" similar to the "hexagonalstructure" hidden order of Casimir plate pair effect of this superconducting nature.

Why does the Korean paper say: "The superconductivity of modified lead apatite(LK-99) originates from a slight volume contraction (0.48%), which causes asmall structural deformation, and not from external factors such as temperatureand pressure". The reason is that the "Casimir plate pair effect" issimilar to the "holographic bricks" of the "electron pairs of the BCS", and there is a "shrinkage" effect similar to the invisible transport of quantumtunneling. "contraction" effect similar to the invisible transmissionof quantum tunneling.

Both can be illustrated bythe three basic diagrams of quantum electrodynamics of the photon's response tocharge represented by Feynman diagrams, in particular the"all-virtual-process" diagrams in that diagram: the exchange of avirtual photon between two electrons, or the exchange of a virtual photonbetween an electron-circle diagram, which can be generated in the middle of thevirtual photon's line of force. This kind of virtual photon can have more thanone line of force between them, and the electron circle diagrams produced inthe middle of one line of force of the virtual photon can have more than onebetween them, which is similar to some elements of the chain of solitondemonstrations. But how to link them in a complete way, the cubic andhypercubic of quantum color-motion geometry can correspond to the elementoxygen in a room-temperature atmospheric pressure superconductor.

The derivation of exogenous quantum chromodynamic effects of theelement oxygen from the plate pair of the Casimir effect linking the quantumrise and fall of the vacuum is long overdue. Plane and three-dimensionalgeometry tells that 3 points can form a plane and 8 points can form a cube. Twosquare triangles can form a 6-point pentahedron. The Casimir effect is largerfor a cube than for a 6-point pentahedron. By replacing these"points" with proton numbers, the cube becomes the element oxygen andthe hexahedron becomes the element carbon. 16 points form a hypercube. Amongthe atoms of the chemical elements, there are neutrons of similar mass to theprotons, so why is the number of protons alone the criterion foridentification?

The reasoning is, one, to capture the main conflict. Two, theproton is similar to the leader. But precisely because they are leaders, theirnature is different. Based on the 8-point cube and 6-point pentahedron, add apoint on one face of their Casimir effect plate, so that the stacking and expansion for a variety of geometricfigures, and associated with the number of protons corresponding to the pointof the chemical properties of the atomic elements, for quantum chromodynamic analysis, known as quantum chromaticdynamics geometry.

The oxygen specimen of quantumcolor-motion geometry, the heart of the Casimir effect. As can be seen above,the ideal quantum color-motion geometric pattern of the nucleus of a carbonatom with 6 protons is a five-sided stereoscopic image containing parallelsformed by the joining of two triangles; known as the carbon-based quantumcolor-motion geometric image. And the ideal quantum color-motion geometricpattern of the nucleus of an oxygen atom with 8 protons is a square cube imagewith parallel top and bottom, left and right, front and back, formed by joiningtwo squares; called the oxygen-based quantum color-motion geometric image.Thus, in quantum chromodynamic chemistry, the carbon-based quantumchromodynamic geometries are "more economical" than the oxy-quantumchromodynamic geometries, but not as powerful as the 3-pair Casimir plateeffect with symmetry of top and bottom, left and right, and front and back. Butit is this quantum interaction force, which is the most basic experimentallyverifiable force, that oxygen occupies the first place among the top 9 mostdistributed elements in the earth's crust. It is also the chemical fine-tuningof this force over billions of years in countless major earthquakes andvolcanic eruptions, etc. in the earth's crust that oxygen has taken the topspot.

That is, this most parsimonious number"8", similar to the 8 vertices of a square, is also the closest andmost parsimonious empirical and a priori image of a pair or three pairs ofCasimir effect flat plates, up and down, left and right, front and back, bothlocally and globally. It is for all natural numbers, including even all realand complex numbers, the latter are infinitely many, but "8" is onlyone, which makes the probability of 8, in nature, is only one in an infinitenumber, i.e., similar to no miracle can happen.

But why does the miracle happen in roomtemperature atmospheric pressure superconductor materials? This is to explorethe exogenous quantum chromodynamic chemistry of room-temperature atmosphericpressure superconductors from quantum chromodynamics and quantum chromodynamicgeometry, which is similar to the kite flying up to the sky, which is differentfrom the types of airplanes flying up to the sky, rockets flying up to the sky,hydrogen balloons flying up to the sky, Kongming lanterns flying up to the sky,and birds flying up to the sky, etc., and it is to make use of the ebb and floweffect of the exogenous self-born quantum chromatic charge cloud energy. The mechanism of various types of room-temperature atmospheric pressure superconducting materials isnot exactly the same as the BCS theory, so some quantitative mathematicaldescriptions of room-temperatureatmospheric pressure superconductivity are not as successful as BCS inlow-temperature superconductivity.

Secondly, the quantum brain and superconducting invisibletransmission equipment development, even if the search for the interface layerof the atomic thin-layer encounter at room temperature to obtain compatiblewith both magnetic and superconducting, similar to lanthanum aluminate andstrontium titanate two composite oxides of the new characteristics of the newmaterial, but the invisible transmission of computing and storage equipment, inaddition to the outside world that the input of the energy, why is it similarto the energy of the chain of solitons and the information transmission cruisesneed to be mirrored in it Room temperature atmospheric pressuresuperconductivity energy gap can be so small, even negligible? Where does theenergy come from for a quantum transport cruise that mirrors invisibletransport? Could superconductivity and invisible transport violate the law ofconservation of energy? In fact, superconductivity and invisible transport isitself a quantum engine.

For example, in 1914 Onnes made a closed circle of lead wire, sothat the direction of the magnetic field is perpendicular to the circular planeof the ring, and then immersed in liquid helium to cool down into thesuperconducting state after the removal of the external magnetic field, closedsuperconducting coil of electric current induced within the persistent cycle,on a classic quantum engine model. And what is the nature of superconductivity,to put it bluntly, purely magnetic? It is one of the types of dark matter.

Onnes' lead wire closed circle immersed in liquid helium cooleddown into the superconducting state, remove the external magnetic field, thecircle of the induction of the circulation of the flow of more than thecurrent, and along the circle of spontaneous induction of a set of penetratingthe flow of the inner circle of the circulation of more than the flow of themagnetic lines of force, each of which a separate line of magnetic force isalso a quantum of the closure of the circle. Taking one of the individualquanta of magnetic lines of force is called a magnetic monopole quantum.

With the entire lead wire closed circle induced magnetic field Nand S pole orientation, the spin of the magnetic monopole quantum can be dividedinto two kinds of N sub and S sub. Secondly, corresponding to electromagneticwave propagation, the changing electric field outputs changing magnetic field,and the changing magnetic field outputs changing magnetic field, viewed as adouble-ring braided state, the electric ring changes the electric field iscalled D-ring; the magnetic ring changes the magnetic field is called C-ring.

In the theory of electromagnetic wave propagation similar tosuperconductivity, quantum invisible transmission with double ring D-ring andC-ring mutual sensing and flip symbiosis, there will be innumerable flying moremicroscopic singlet chains similar to the electron to particle surroundings dueto the introduction of magnetic monopole quanta. Such single chains can also beselectively encoded with the probability of forming a double-chain-like chainof solitons. The resulting vacuum quantum ups and downs similar tosuperconductivity, quantum invisible transport, producing vacuum ghost fields,ghost states, ghost circles, ghost vertices, ghost degrees of freedom, etc.,similar to annihilation, give a demonstration of soliton chain molds.

Since magnetic monopole quantum involves dark matter, even thoughthey cannot be captured, experiments can measure their physical, chemical,biological and other effects. So similar to Maxwell's electromagnetic fieldquantum electromagnetic wave propagation of the magnetic ring C and theelectric ring D circle lasso coupling, and then substitute for the Li group ofmathematics to the surface spin and line spin coupling description, known assimilar to the soliton chain of U (1) local symmetry group of the soliton chaintype of energy and information coupling cruising motion. However, the solitonchain can demonstrate not only the U(1) local symmetry group, but also theSU(2), SU(3) local symmetry group and the combinatorial choices betweenU(1)SU(2), SU(3).

Most of the microscopic particles are charged, and their electronspolarized in the mesonic vacuum can also produce non-radioactive decaying weakforce quantum engines similar to soliton chains of energy and informationcoupled to roving assemblies. Specifically with respect to superconductingquantum engines, the classical explanation says that electrons vibrate with thelattice interacting with the lattice vibrations and produced: in superconducting state metals electrons areattracted to each other using lattice waves as a medium to form electron pairs Insuperconducting metals, the electrons are attracted to each other by latticewaves and form pairs of electrons. object toform an overall flow similar to that of a chain of soliton soliton waves. Fromthe effective energy gap, pseudo energy gap and superconductors in the groundstate and excited state, experiments have confirmed that similar to the use ofhigh-energy ultraviolet light irradiation of magnesium diboride crystals, thesuperconducting electron pairs will be separated from them by the "angulardecomposition of the photoelectron spectroscopy" method to observe itsenergy state, found that there are boron atomic layer σ-electrons to do two-dimensionalmotion, π-electrons according to the direction of The energy gap of σ-electronsis 3--4 times larger than that of π-electrons.

Quantum states are the states ofparticles such as atoms, neutrons, and protons. If the physical properties suchas energy, rotation, motion, magnetic field, etc. that characterize a quantumstate are regarded as quantum information, then this quantum information alsocontains the conjugate states of its physical properties, so that the quantuminformation of a particle is often multiconjugate. This is mostly dealt with inelementary particle physics using the Standard Model and supersymmetrictheories. The contradiction between the macroscopic and microscopic perceptionsis sharpened by the fact that one side, represented by Einstein, has alwaysrecognized that quantum mechanics is not a complete theory, while the otherside, represented by Bohr, the leader of the Copenhagen School, is convinced ofthe correctness of the quantum theory.